Some would argue that the confusion will never be resolved and that we must learn to live with the chaos by defining the term whenever it is used (Hertig et al., 1937 Whitfield, 1979 Bronstein, 1994 Wilkinson, 2001) and not to be concerned with multiple definitions (Whitfield, 1979 Lewin, 1982 Wilkinson, 2001). Despite the protracted disarray with the various meanings, it is still used today, indicating its centrality toīiology. Historically, there exists over 130 years of confusion in the definition of symbiosis (Sapp, 1994). Symbiosis may be the greatest enigma in the history ofbiological terminology. We should try to use them unambiguously in ways that conserve their meanings for listeners and readers. We scientists shouldn't argue endlessly about the definitions of terms. The history of ideas is paved by constraints of language. Keywords: symbiosis, symbiotic terminology, confusion, Anton de Bary, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, parasitoidism, predation, grazing, competition. Confusion in secondary symbiotic terminology, such as symbiont, commensalism, parasitism, parasitoidism, predation, grazing, herbivory, and carnivory, also exists and is discussed. Some confusion may stem from the infrequent usage of endo-/ectosymbiosis terms to describe the level of intimacy and permanency in symbiotic interactions. However, most biologists continue to use symbiosis and the frequency in how it is defined in current general biology textbooks has intuitively evolved back towards de Bary’s original definition. In recent times, not much debate has occurred and a few biologists are now refusing to use this confusing term. This paper documents the history of the various definitions, the controversy and debates, and the attempts to unify biologists to a common definition and usage of symbiosis.
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Within a few years of coining the term in 1879 by Anton de Bary, some biologists started to redefine the meaning and usage of the term that simply means “living together.” A lack of consensus ensued, resulting in a long history of disagreement on how to use this relevant and unifying biological term. *La Sierra University, Riverside, CA, USA Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, **Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA has plagued the definition of the term symbiosis for over 130 years.
Symbiosis: "Living Together" in Chaos1La Sierra UniversityĬonfusion has plagued the definition of the term symbiosis for over 130 years.
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